A 12V battery gives a typical voltage of 12 - 13V at mid charge, on load; down to about 11V dead flat and up to around 15V fully charged in a running vehicle.
A capacitor will discharge to zero; and a type genuinely rated to handle engine starting current will be extremely low internal resistance and appear pretty much a dead short to an alternator.
It would need a soft-start circuit, a resistor to limit the charge current until it reached eg. 12V, with a voltage comparator and relay to bypass the resistor once a suitable voltage was reached.
If you used eg. a number of these in parallel, to get the required starter current rating, with a suitable overvoltage protection circuit:
Assuming starter current 100A, so five units in parallel giving 325 Farads:
Energy storage at 15V: 36 562 Joules
Energy storage at 11V: 19,662 Joules
Usable capacity (difference between the two above): 16,900 Joules = 16,900 Watt-Seconds.
A capacitor will discharge at one volt per second, at one amp per farad. eg. 325 seconds to discharge by each volt at one amp.
That gives the equivalent capacity of 1300 amp-seconds or
0.36 Amp-Hour capacity for a bank of five of those 65F modules.