something nobody thinks about.... if you have two strips of metallic tape (like the "window foil" used for alarm systems) and apply 12Vac to them, it will give enough jolt to a rat to scare them away. if you have an area you want to protect from rats, and use this as a perimeter, the rats will learn to stay away. if you have small children, 12V isn't going to hurt them, and it isn't a safety hazard. you could also use a higher voltage, as long as there's a series resistance high enough to keep the current below harmful levels for a human. since the rat is much smaller, the the voltage and current requirements for pain are a lot lower.