It's possible, but it's very hard with just one 555 chip
You could try this:
Set a 555 to 10 seconds monostable. Connect the output to the reset pin (pin 4) of an oscillator (about 10 Hz). Connect pin 6 of first 555 to pin 5 of second chip through an emmiter follower (don't ask me how, i'd like to know this as well)
when first chip is triggered, output of second will oscillate very fast, and then slow down to about 10 Hz over 10 seconds before stopping
You could also use a 556 which is only one chip, and can make PCB design a bit easier.
I did an electronic dice pair for my GCSE Electronics. It was overly complicated (the guidelines suggest 3 to 5 chips, and I used 7) but I did also have a comparitor to give an indication of whice dice was higher.
One other thing, are you trying to get a realistic display (like a real dice) or just a single light? If you want the patterns to appear, try using a binary counter and then use logic to make the pattern
LAG