No.
The LM317 can only reduce the voltage, it can't boost it. The output voltage needs to be between 1.6V and 3V less than the input voltage, in order for it to regulate properly.
To get 9V, you need to use four 1F 5.5V capacitors, two strings of two in series.
The minimum voltage is the minimum operating voltage of the circuit connected to the capacitors.
The higher the current and minimum operating voltage (neither of which you've specified), the shorter the life will be.
I think using a capacitor is a silly idea and you'd be better off with a 9V battery.