I'll triple check my wiring after this. I'm 99% sure the schematic is correct, but I'll check that again too.
Before connecting the matrix to the MAX7219, I wired all the green LEDs to 5V through a 330 Ohm resistor. As expected only the green LEDs illuminated.
When I wired them to the MAX7219 (note: not changing any wiring connected directly to the matrix, but rather the wires coming off the matrix were re-positioned on the bread board) and ran the code the picture above is what resulted.
********************************Source Current*********************
Matrix_PIN_17 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_14
Matrix_PIN_18 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_16
Matrix_PIN_19 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_20
Matrix_PIN_20 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_23
Matrix_PIN_29 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_21
Matrix_PIN_30 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_15
Matrix_PIN_31 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_17
Matrix_PIN_32 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_22
*******************************Sink Current************************
Matrix_PIN_21 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_2
Matrix_PIN_22 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_11
Matrix_PIN_23 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_6
Matrix_PIN_24 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_7
Matrix_PIN_25 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_3
Matrix_PIN_26 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_10
Matrix_PIN_27 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_5
Matrix_PIN_28 ---> female to male jumper wire ---> MAX7219_PIN_8
***ALSO!!! If I set the diplayTest to 0x01 then only the green LEDs illuminate.***