You only need to discharge capacitors if they will present a danger. 55 V is low enough to not really be dangerous, but a 80 + volts it getting to where it can be a a safety issue.
It's best to put some resistance in the way when discharging capacitors, but you may not have done any significant damage.
Was the power on when you discharged that capacitors? If so, that was the wrong thing to do and you may have damaged the diodes or a fuse. The transformer will be fine. If you short a transformer of that size, it will take a minute or more to heat up enough to burn out.
What is the voltage rating of the capacitors? What is the output voltage rating of the transformer? The input voltage will match the mains voltage.