Awesome! Good job.
It's hard for me to say, since I haven't seen the code. I imagine that it's just a text-mode command line program, so assuming that the executable you compiled to is in /home/David/Desktop, then yeah--the above should run it.
Double-clicking it is slightly more complicated; it will run the program but in most cases you won't see the output so you won't know that it's been run.
No--it's a Linux ELF executable file, which is not compatible with the Windows executable file format.
Books are an excellent idea. Also, Googling for "c++ tutorial" will get you lots of hits. One that looks pretty good is
https://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/
Good luck!
Torben