Look for the chapter that explains basic power supply operation. It'll tell you everything you need to know about your power supply schematic above. (The first thing you need to learn is how to read a schematic itself, in other words, what all those funny symbols mean.)
One thing you should realize is that the rectangular item labeled "LM723" is an IC (integrated circuit), aka "chip", which if you could see inside, contains about 100 times as many components as your entire schematic there. So just think of it as a "magic box", a complete circuit unto itself, with input and output pins that connect to your circuit.
* In honor of the O.P.'s handle.