The output is neither before or after the resistor. The output wiper on a pot makes contact with the resistor along it's whole length as you move the control shaft (in effect it "taps" off the resistor). The position of the "tap" is determined by the wiper position. For example at the half-way (50%) position, the wiper is half-way between each end the of the resistor. If you measure the wiper voltage with a high impedance voltmeter there will have 1/2 of the signal appearing across the pot (for a linear pot). If you measure the resistance from the wiper to either end of the pot you will measure 1/2 the total resistance of the pot.
Note: That's true for a linear pot. For the log pot that your are showing, which is often used for volume controls since the ear has a logarithmic response to sound level, the resistance is not linear from one end to the other so the 1/2 way point will not have 1/2 the signal, it would be something like 1/4 of the signal when measured from the grounded end.