I just drop components in loosely to start with, main or highest pin counts first.
Look at the spacing and relationships between them, allowing for what connects where and what passive components have to fit between or near the other parts. Move things about as required until it looks reasonable, then start soldering sockets for ICs and cutting tracks with a small drill bit to separate different items.
Use plenty of space for your first designs, you will soon get used to how much is needed and adjust things in future designs to be more compact.
I'd allow a minimum of five holes between the closest two non-connected component leads or pins; that allows for the track to be cut at the centre hole and still two connected points where you can fit connecting wires to each part.
Use seven holes between, or more, to give plenty of space on non-critical layouts.