Hi,
Probably the simplest way assuming you really want to read voltage and not simply the state of the fuse, is to use a microcontroller that you connect to the circuit under test and the serial RS232 port on the computer. This means you need one single 8 pin dip chip, a cheap opto isolator, and some 1/4 watt resistors.
If you just want to detect the state of the fuse (open or closed) you might get away with an oscillator and a comparator chip or maybe even just a transistor to detect the state.
The oscillator has to be stable however, within something like 2 percent over time. That's so the RS232 does not misread the code, which you would send as 01010101...unless the comparator trips and then that would kill the signal or take out some more bits making them zero. I havent done this but it could work.
The PIC chips have a fairly stable built in oscillator which should work ok once it is calibrated. That would be a more reliable way to do it than with the oscillator, and there's no doubt at all that this would work ok.
The RS232 port on the computer is readable by the Windows API and there are probably examples on the web. This means that you can use any language that can link to the required dll file(s), call their functions, and interpret their return values (includes C and other simpler languages).