Radio control uses a pulse width to move a servo. the pulse width is variable and the movement of the servo is also variable. Not simply on and off.
Your odd idea uses detection of different frequencies.
Your bandpass filters will work poorly because they are not sharp and attenuate the wanted frequency. Look in Google for a Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter using a single opamp that can have a very sharp bandpass with no attenuation of the wanted frequency.
Your very simple highpass filter is overloaded by the very simple lowpass filter. The filters seriously overrlap. Then they attenuate the wanted frequency.
Because the filters are very simple then they have a gradual slope of only 6dB/octave. 19khz in the 19khz filter is attenuated about 10 times. 9.5kHz and 38khz are down to only half the level of 19kHz.
Well, as none of the components shown have known values that's tricky! As I read the circuit it doesn't even have a filter. It seems to be just an amp triggering a 555 or similar.
The schematic you found is a defective project at www.aaroncake.net . The parts list is there.
The lousy old 741 opamp is missing a resistor to a reference voltage (half the supply voltage) for its input pin3 so it probably does not work.
I don't know if the LM567 frequency detector is designed properly.
There are AirHogs remote controlled model helicopters, airplanes and cars that use IR signalling. They steer smoothly and proportionally, not Bang-Bang full left, center or full right like your extremely simple idea. Their motor speed control is also proportional for any speed not Bang-Bang full power or no power like your extremely simple idea.
I don't know of a schematic of an IR receiver for a remote controlled model car. The simple one you found might be fixed and can use a more modern opamp.
A simple IR receiver IC is used in many electronic products but it works with data from the transmitter and works poorly when it receives simple continuous IR (because it thinks it is receiving interference from a compact fluorescent light bulb).