Okay everyone, guess I should let you know what's happening.
I realized that the severely limited version of windows 7 ultimate with a wacky resolution and no drivers was there because the drivers aren't included in the installation. I never knew that. Apparently the drivers come on a separate disc, which I couldn't seem to find. I don't think it came with my installation CD. Anyway, I used my other laptop to download the most critical drivers (to get me online, for one) installers onto a blank DVD. From there, I was able to load it up in my "limited" version of 7 and installed them manually. Once I got online through a wired connection (which was no easy feat in and of itself), I was able to download the rest directly from the lenovo website. It took about 4 or 5 hours in total, but I now have my computer running as it was before the wipe (as far as I can tell, at least). I'm going to put all of the driver setup .exe files I had to download from the website onto the cd, just in case something like this happens again.
I have yet to recreate the windows partition and reinstall windows 8, but for the time being, this will suit me well.
Anyway, I just wanted to thank all of you who helped and gave me suggestions. Hopefully someone else can learn from my mistakes. I can't help but feel I should have known that the drivers didn't come with the installation....
So now that I have everything working fine again, it's time for me to go to bed! Hopefully I can sleep a bit tonight instead of staying up all night trying to fix my laptop
Have a good evening/day everyone, and if the world should end before I awake tomorrow (11:11am GMT), it has been a pleasure working with you all!
Best wishes and kind regards,
Matt L.