I don't use it to provoke, degrade or side-step issues. In the context I've used denier, it only refers to those who deny, as defined by the dictionary excerpts. As I've said, come up with a less "provocative" word to use, and I'll use it. Besides, I never side-stepped the e-mail issue. I researched and made a detalied post about it. Guess you have to read the whole thread before you try to recount who said what.
Al Gore isn't interested in your money or your life. He has his own, on both accounts.
Global Warming Potentials
[FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]Gases in the atmosphere can contribute to the greenhouse effect both directly and indirectly. Direct effects occur when the gas itself absorbs radiation. Indirect radiative forcing occurs when chemical transformations of the substance produce other greenhouse gases, when a gas influences the atmospheric lifetimes of other gases, and/or when a gas affects atmospheric processes that alter the radiative balance of the earth (e.g., affect cloud formation or albedo).[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]6 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]The IPCC developed the Global Warming Potential (GWP) concept to compare the ability of each greenhouse gas to trap heat in the atmosphere relative to another gas.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times,Times]The GWP of a greenhouse gas is defined as the ratio of the time-integrated radiative forcing from the instantaneous release of 1 kilogram (kg) of a trace substance relative to that of 1 kg of a reference gas (IPCC 2001). Direct radiative effects occur when the gas itself is a greenhouse gas. The reference gas used is CO[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]2[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times], and therefore GWP-weighted emissions are measured in teragrams (or million metric tons) of CO[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]2 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]equivalents (Tg CO[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]2 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]Eq.).[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]7,8 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]All gases in this Executive Summary are presented in units of Tg CO[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]2 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]Eq. [/FONT]
[/FONT]The UNFCCC reporting guidelines for national inventories were updated in 2006,[FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]9 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]but continue to require the use of GWPs from the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) (IPCC 1996). This requirement ensures that current estimates of aggregate greenhouse gas emissions for 1990 to 2007 are consistent with estimates developed prior to the publication of the IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR) and the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Therefore, to comply with international reporting standards under the UNFCCC, official emission estimates are reported by the United States using SAR GWP values. All estimates are provided throughout the report in both CO[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]2 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]equivalents and unweighted units. A comparison of emission values using the SAR GWPs versus the TAR and AR4 GWPs can be found in Chapter 1 and, in more detail, in Annex 6.1 of this report. The GWP values used in this report are listed in Table ES-1.[/FONT]
[/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]6 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]Albedo is a measure of the Earth’s reflectivity, and is defined as the fraction of the total solar radiation incident on a body that is reflected by it.[/FONT]
[/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]7 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]Carbon comprises 12/44[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]ths [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]of carbon dioxide by weight.[/FONT]
[/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]8 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]One teragram is equal to 10[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]12 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]grams (g) or one million metric tons.[/FONT]
[/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]9 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]See <http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2006/sbsta/eng/09.pdf>.[/FONT]
[/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]Global warming potentials are not provided for CO, NO[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]x[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times], NMVOCs, SO[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]2[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times], and aerosols because there is no agreed-upon method to estimate the contribution of gases that are short-lived in the atmosphere, spatially variable, or have only indirect effects on radiative forcing (IPCC 1996).[/FONT][/FONT]
ES.2. Recent Trends in U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks
[FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]In 2007, total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions were 7,150.1 Tg CO[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]2 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]Eq. Overall, total U.S. emissions have risen by 17 percent from 1990 to 2007. Emissions rose from 2006 to 2007, increasing by 1.4 percent (99.0 Tg CO[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]2 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]Eq.). The following factors were primary contributors to this increase: (1) cooler winter and warmer summer conditions in 2007 than in 2006 increased the demand for heating fuels and contributed to the increase in the demand for electricity, (2) increased consumption of fossil fuels to generate electricity and (3) a significant decrease (14.2 percent) in hydropower generation used to meet this demand.[/FONT]
[/FONT]
[FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Times,Times]Table ES-1: Global Warming Potentials (100-Year Time Horizon) Used in This Report[/FONT]
[FONT=Times,Times][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]Gas [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]GWP[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]CO[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]2 - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]1[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]CH[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]4[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]* - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]21[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]N[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]2[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]O - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]310[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]HFC-23 - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]11,700[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]HFC-32 - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]650[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]HFC-125 - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]2,800[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]HFC-134a - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]1,300[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]HFC-143a - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]3,800[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]HFC-152a - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]140[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]HFC-227ea - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]2,900[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]HFC-236fa - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]6,300[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]HFC-4310mee - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]1,300[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]CF[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]4 - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]6,500[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]C[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]2[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]F[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]6 - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]9,200[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]C[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]4[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]F[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]10 - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]7,000[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]C[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]6[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]F[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]14 - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]7,400[/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]SF[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]6 - [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]23,900[/FONT][/FONT]
-------------------------------------
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]Source: IPCC (1996)[/FONT]
[FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]* The CH[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]4 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]GWP includes the direct effects and those indirect effects due to the production of tropospheric ozone and stratospheric water vapor. The indirect effect due to the production of CO[/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]2 [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT][FONT=Swiss 72 1 BT,Swiss 72 1 BT]is not included.[/FONT][/FONT]
[/FONT][/FONT]
I don't use it to provoke, degrade or side-step issues. In the context I've used denier, it only refers to those who deny, as defined by the dictionary excerpts. As I've said, come up with a less "provocative" word to use, and I'll use it. Besides, I never side-stepped the e-mail issue. I researched and made a detalied post about it. Guess you have to read the whole thread before you try to recount who said what.
Al Gore isn't interested in your money or your life. He has his own, on both accounts.
I objected, and was accused of censureship egotism and directly attacked by a moderator. Every single point I brought up about this thread being a useless waste of time, including warnings and approximate time frames of it's demise have so far been correct. I have not seen one sane listing of point and counter point that could be easily surmised by any individual anywhere. If you contest that point, do so in a a few paragraphs. At this point that can't be done, there's so much trash floating around a consensus was impossible 5 or 6 pages of posts ago."Trying to silence my opinion would be a form of censuring no better than those scientists whom started this whole 'climategate' debacle in the first place. You should keep that readily in mind."
But isn't this exactly what you are doing by objecting to the thread?
Scaed.
We don't need a baby-sitter or a self-appointed moderator to dictate the rules of our conversation. The moderators of the site represents the site owner. The moderators seems to feel the topic has been worth the bandwidth. That is all I need to proceed. Might I suggest you purchase your own domain and server with the heading, "Scaedwians forum: Only topics I approve are allowed". Then you can throw your fits and make demands all day long and nobody will complain. of course, I doubt you'd have much traffic if you attempted to control it as you do here.
WELL SAID....ke5frf; If my editing those huge stop signs and deleting a post where a forum member was openly attacked constitutes an attack by a moderator SCAD needs to have a reality check as his attitude on this forum is getting worse.
Now after reading this thread today some members are flaunting on the abuse button so guy's please keep this thread topic specific and leave the petty behavior out of it.
It is a valid discussion and it is in the ****-chat forum so lets just stick to the topic and sit back and have a laugh.
Cheers Bryan
What does this mean to me? Well the GWP index for CO2 went up 17% but the GWP index for multiple high level pollutants dropped the net combined effects slightly. CO2 May Carry 20 times the volume but its a weak GWP compared to the other high level pollutants that have been substantially reduced.
Where do you get this 1000 times magnitude reference?
No established research or creditable source I have yet to find mentions any thing like that. Nore even an unreliable or uncreditable one either. Just you and thats it.
If you had read or even looked at this link, http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/greenhouse_data.html , you would have the answers your looking for.,
It even gives simplified charts and everything. Also it has a load of reference sources with point and click links to who you can contact for further information in regards to how they found what they did.
Sorry but your not and expert or even a valid source of much of anything useful. I at least made a trip to the local college library and did a little up to date research for my information.
I used your data and made the calculations. I did what you didn't do.
The solar constant includes all types of solar radiation, not just the visible light. It is measured by satellite to be roughly 1.366 kilowatts per square meter (kW/m²).[4][5] The actual direct solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere fluctuates by about 6.9% during a year (from 1.412 kW/m² in early January to 1.321 kW/m² in early July) due to the Earth's varying distance from the Sun, and typically by much less than one part per thousand from day to day. Thus, for the whole Earth (which has a cross section of 127,400,000 km²), the power is 1.740×1017 W, plus or minus 3.5%. The solar constant does not remain constant over long periods of time (see Solar variation), but over a year varies much less than the variation of direct solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere arising from the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit. The approximate average value cited,[4] 1.366 kW/m², is equivalent to 1.96 calories per minute per square centimeter, or 1.96 langleys (Ly) per minute.
That's the whole point, you stated your conclusions that the decline of other greenhouse gases dropped the warming effect slightly, and didn't every try to quantify the effect. If you actually tried the calculations, you couldn't come to that conclusions, as they show just the opposite. I'll post up my calculations a little later,but for now, I'll give you a chance to try it for yourself. It's nothing more than simple math.
I have not and did not make any conclusions so far.
Well the GWP index for CO2 went up 17% but the GWP index for multiple high level pollutants dropped the net combined effects slightly
You say one thing and I go and research it to see if your right and then find that what you say has little scientific backing or merit or appears to be grossly out of proportion.
Prove your data! Prove your sources!
You did when you wrote this:
Quote:
Well the GWP index for CO2 went up 17% but the GWP index for multiple high level pollutants dropped the net combined effects slightly
SO heres some points to consider taken from sites and agencies known to be impartial or of reasonable trustworthiness and neutrality on environmental issues. (The electronic versions of the books basically.)
Nitric oxides have a GWP (Global Warming Potential) 310 times stronger green house gasses than CO2.
Also as shown here Selected National Air Pollutant Emissions 1970 to 2007.pdf
from 1970 to 2007 the levels dropped from 26,880,000 down to 17,025,000. Also a number of other high level greenhouse gasses have dropped considerably in the last few decades as well as shown in the chart. CO2 has risen by 17% (estimated and weighted as referenced below) in a similar time frame however it has a GWP of 1.
You haven't calculated the forcing due to CO2 and compared it to forcing of the other gases. If you did, you would have a very different result. For example, the 17% rise in Co2 repersents a rise in the forcing that is approximately 1000 times the magnitued of the difference due to Nitrogen Oxide over the same period. Thus the effects of rising CO2 swamp whatever went on with the other greenhouse gases.
This, BTW, is an example of "peer review"
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