Engineering is a world of numbers, numbers, numbers. But learning is still a matter of just soaking up a lot of input, at first anything new, later more focussed searching.
Try visiting a few sites:
Vendors of springs
Digikey
The spring vendor's site is immediately a sea of numbers. Don't be overwhelmed, just research a few of them.
Go to Digikey and look up some resistors, transistors, and ICs. Play with the selector spinboxes. Download some datasheets. You are again awash in numbers. Spot-research some of the parameters listed, both by online reading and by playing with Digikey spinboxes to see what components come up. Don't try to imagine which parameters are 'most important'.
Go back to your idea and explanation of it. Try to come up with a more specific design by assigning some trial numbers to every element you describe - lengths, forces, speeds, accuracies, etc. It will take some time. There's no right or wrong way to go at this point, and you don't have to get everything right. Just dive in, make mistakes, and anything you learn will be progress.
The exercise will help you see answers to some of your questions, and give you a much better idea of where to look for the rest. Also, it will help you see why those datasheets are so full of numbers, and give you a better idea of what you're in for in the future. No one book can 'guide' you from start to finish on pretty much any idea you come up with. Just dive in and swim for a while.
Then, when you start looking for useful articles, you'll have a better feel for what to look for, what may be suitable to your needs, and how much plowing it takes, so you don't get discouraged at the 20% mark. Start as simply as possible, and see what it takes to get it right. The next project will go faster and easier in some respects, but also throw new challenges at you. Any that don't will most likely be boring!