First, nearly every device manufacturer's documentation says to use the charger that comes with the device and some babble that use of other chargers may void the warrantee. Some say to use chargers from (e.g. Authorized Apple Licensees - a.k.a. Anker brand for an iPad USB Type-C charger).
The "USB 3.0 Promotor Group" designed, copyrighted and patented the design of the USB Type-C connector and claimed to grant licenses to anyone who uses the connector per the electrical specification. They do not say they do not warrant or assure fitness of use for any and all devices that use the connector - it is simply manufactured without proper license to the patent of the Promotor Group. They say, without saying in their documentation - buyer beware.
If you try to take action against anyone for manufacturing a USB Type-C connector with a basic 12v source because the charger damaged your phone, you'll likely lose because you didn't follow the basic recommendation of the phone manufacturer - only use the charger that came with your phone (or similar phrases).
The only time you'd be able to sue about a charger is if some company said, "this charger works with any phone" or "...works with your phone". The only problems I've seen, however, is someone using a 12v USB Type-C connector from a security camera to charge his bicycle GPS and the bicycle GPS died instantly. No evidence said, "You can use the security system power supply for any USB Type-C device". Not to mention, the security system was some no-name brand that was probably spying on his house rather than securing anything.
Good luck and buyer beware - and don't be lazy or stupid when handling expensive equipment.