So, Ratchit, how would you light up a general red LED from 5V supply? What is the design procedure you go through?
Well if energy is used, then that's the true physics, isnt it? Energy is the prime mover, not voltage. Voltage can not cause anything to happen on it's own, it needs current to accompany it even if it is a small current.
In effect you are taking the Shockley Equation and stating that voltage is the key controller.
But i said over and over that voltage cant do anything without current, because it's the energy that does anything, and that's the only thing that can possibly do anything real. Why then does the energy have to exceed a certain minimum value in order to move an electron through the band gap?
It's not the voltage, it's the energy. If we scrape off the sides of the diode and hold the voltage just below some level we could accomplish the same thing by shining a light onto the die (cause more conduction). That's because we added more energy, not voltage. Also, with no voltage applied we could take that same die and actually produce a voltage at the terminals just by shining a light on the die. So we've actually 'created' a voltage with the energy from the light source.
If you take the S Equation and look at the voltage, it looks like voltage is controlling something. But it's got to be the energy when we look at the total "underlying physics". You can say it is voltage controlled because voltage is in the equation, but if we solve for current then we can say it is current controlled. Why the dual role? Because it's the energy that does it all. And the energy takes the voltage and at least some current. It might be a small enough current to ignore for many roles, but if we want the full picture we dont want to ignore it totally.
The point to setting up an infinite number of devices controlled with the SAME voltage source is quite simple:
If we can control an infinite number of devices with the same voltage source then we must be ignoring the current.
Yes we can control an infinite number of *theoretical* devices, but we can not control that many *real* devices because we could never find the energy to do so. Even if we consider only those electrons within this one universe.
misterT,
The color of the LED is immaterial. Find the desired current from the specifications. Subtract the given voltage drop of the diode from 5 volts, or use 0.7 to 1 volts if that information is not available. Calculate the resistance from the resistance formula R = V/I. Hook everthing up in series and voila.
Ratch
See.. No physics needed. To make things even easier, you could just slap a ~1k..~330 ohm resistor in series with the damn thing and be done.
EDIT: How do you find the desired current from the specs?
misterT,
You must have missed the other posts, where I wrote that a deep understanding of physics was not necessary for design procedures. On the other hand, design knowledge does not tell you how a device really works.
Are you asking me how to read a spec sheet? Attach one and I will tell you. Or better yet, forget about it.
Ratch
MrAl,
Yes, physics surely does take energy into account. And energy does move charge carriers, doesn't it? But voltage and energy are inextricable. As I said before, voltage is the energy density of the charge (joules/coulomb). In other words it, is the energy concentration wherever charge is present. So although voltage is not energy, you cannot have electrostatic voltage without both energy and charge.
The only controller. The diode current is controlled by the concentration of electrical energy across the diode.
You mean that electrostatic voltage cannot be defined without charge. The concentration of electrical energy has to exceed a minimum to move an electron through the band gap.
You cannot have voltage without energy. Yes, you will create a higher energy concentration with photons, the same as if you applied the voltage directly with wires.
Yes, voltage is controlling the current and not the other way around. Voltage and energy go together. Energy may do the work, but if the energy concentration is not high enough, then the work does not get done. I am not ignoring energy.
Do you mean putting the devices in parallel? How would I be ignoring the current by driving many devices in parallel?
What is the point of this fantasy circuit?
Ratch
Devices in parallel means the current splits. If the current demand for all devices is the same, the current splits as I=I_total/N where N is the number of devices, or I_total=I1*N.
With an infinite number of devices, the total current is:
I_total=I1*infinity
We can actual control an infinite number of theoretical devices this way because we can *state* that I1=0. But in real life, I1 (the current of one device) can never be zero. Even in the static case there's always at least some leakage current. So looking at this hypothetical circuit tells us that there isnt enough energy in the universe to power an infinite number of circuits of any kind, so a voltage source can never power an infinite number of devices.
Yes we need the charge to move, and that requires *new* energy. And energy can never be extracted from a voltage without at least some current so accompany it. I cant say this any clearer than that.
But i feel we may be getting off the point anyway. That's because the OP was asking about a practical device, not a PN junction. The PN junction is just part of the device not the whole thing, and we are not using a PN junction alone we're using a whole device.
MrAl,
Did I ever say that any practical voltage source you can come up with and sustain is going to be infinite? The voltage souce will always be finite. But so what? What if current is involved? Voltage controlled devices rely on the energy concentration per unit of charge (voltage=joules/coulomb) to control the current, not the other way around.
<snip>
Ratch
"Did I ever say that any practical voltage source you can come up with and sustain is going to be infinite? "
YOU didnt have to say a voltage source is infinite, the current from it would HAVE to be infinite in order to drive an infinite number of devices that you are calling "voltage controlled". If they were truly voltage controlled, they would be ALL controllable from the SAME real voltage source. Obviously that's impossible.
"What if current is involved? Voltage controlled devices rely on the energy concentration per unit of charge (voltage=joules/coulomb) to control the current,"
But voltage itself isnt doing anything by itself. It's the energy. That's the whole point. Granted the current is low, and that's where the phrase "voltage controlled" comes from. But the point is that it's not just the voltage itself, that's just the way it is *viewed* for simplicity.
I think that all that is needed here however is to clarify when we are talking about PN junction theory and when we are talking about total device theory, and what actually occurs in real life practice.
Read your own words, first paragraph. If something was PURELY voltage controlled, then you would not have had to say that.
What i am stating on the other hand is that everything needs both voltage and current, and so more concisely there is a V I trajectory for every device (see attachment). To fully explain the device we need to know this information.
MrAl,
I think you are making your remarks to me. I always try to name the person to whom I am talking.
I see no dichotomy in what I said with regard to voltage control causing current (notice I said just "current", not "current flow"). You have to distinguish between control causation (voltage) and consequence (current). Just because current is a consequence of voltage does not mean that current is controlling something.
And so what if there is both voltage and current in a device that can be plotted. I said before that you cannot determine what is controlling a device by graphs, equations, or measurments. You have to know the physics of the device to find out that information. For semiconductors, the physics point to the energy concentration per unit charge (voltage=joules/coulomb) that controls the device.
Ratch
That's an interesting statement. You are stating the current is a consequence of voltage, but that's only true in a separate circuit
apart from the 'voltage'. Since that's not always the case, and when we want to know how a device is 'operated', we want to talk about
the voltage and current in the SAME circuit. Let me try to make this a little more clear.
When we energize say a gate, we are trying to control the transistor. Once we establish a voltage, we see drain source current flow.
But the whole idea behind control is what are the signals that we are applying TO THE CONTROL terminal to get that control, not just
some random signals that exist in other places in the device.
So the whole point is what is going on with the control signal itself. And in order to drive the device we have to apply both current
and voltage, because here is no way to apply a voltage from out of nowhere to a device.
I did not create the graph and then looked at the physics, i looked at the physics first and then came up with the graph. That graph
shows how EVERY device behaves with respect to current and voltage, even if you could somehow prove that a device could be totally
voltage controlled (pure voltage control is shown along the x axis). Trying to void that graph is the same as voiding your own
statement that something can be purely voltage controlled because pure voltage control appears along the x axis. You're also trying to
void many devices that exists because that graph represents all devices that are voltage or current controlled (if they could exist
alone) and anything in between (except negative polarity signals were left out for simpliciy).
You're also now stating that it is in fact the energy that makes the difference, but still claiming that voltage is the controller and even typed out a little formula for the voltage to emphasize this
The circuit you seem to be working with is a totally fictious circuit in every sense of the word. You've somehow managed to get a voltage to appear somewhere you wanted it to be without moving any charge. I'd like to see how you did this
This is why the transistor is sometimes also quoted as being "Charge Controlled". In this scenario the movement of charges controls the device. But we all know you cant move a charge without energy, and energy cant come from voltage or current alone but requires both.
So back to your statement, "current is a consequence of voltage". Since the movement of charge is the only way to establish a voltage in the same circuit loop, any voltage that we apply has to come through wires and so there has to be movement of charge just to get that voltage there, which means charge has to move though the wires as the voltage is climbing.
So when we try to get to the "underlying physics", we would like to know the most basic physical principles at work, not some super shelf where it looks like something else is happening.
But you're still talking about two circuits, one the controlling circuit and one the controlled circuit.
That is apparent because you have a voltage source coming into being without stating how that voltage got there. If it is the "control" voltage then someone somewhere at some point had to do something to get that voltage there. Maybe they carried a battery to the deviceor they set up a circuit to do this. In other words, to explain the device correctly we have to not "have" anything from out of nowhere. How it got there is of great interest.
And once it begins to appear there, there's no way to tell (looking near the zero on that graph) if the voltage came first or the current started immediately with the voltage. In fact, since the voltage is basically an accumulation of charge both had to occur at the same time. Hence my argument that there is nothing that is purely voltage controlled.
So in short, we're taking two different physical starting conditions and two different time lines.
In short, my goal is to show that all devices need both current and voltage to operate, which constitutes energy, so that any control of any kind has to be able to supply energy.
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