Yes. It is called an SDR.
If you can define how to modulate in Matlab, why is it hard to find examples to demodulate? A software-defined radio (SDR) can be implemented in many ways to demodulate, detect sync triggers, have timed loops with tolerances to mask and count pixels, lines and frames, similar to how you described them in Matlab then use parallel threads to supervise, and read the image by some method to display it on an LCD.
Since you have not shared any actual specs, I can only ask you to articulate the real issue. Of course, there is also the Analog H/W solution.