If you increase the inductance of the coil, you will have to decrease the switching frequency to make up for it. You will also have to increase the output capacitors to make up for the extra ripple.
Frequency and inductance are directly proportional, so if you increase your inductance by 330 / 100 = 3.3x, you have to decrease your switching frequency by the same amount.
There are many 555 nixie supply variants around and here is one that uses a 330uH coil. Switching Power Supply
If you just lower the frequency of your design it should work with the same HV output smoothing capacitor as long as you only need about 6-8mA max to drive your tubes.
The 555 HV power supply design is not very efficient for use with heavy loads, just a cheap solution for powering up to 6 small nixie tubes.